In 1991 a Finnish university student named Linus Torvalds began working on a new operating system in his spare time. He didn’t work in isolation, nor did hemake a big deal about what he was doing; rather, he modestly invitedprogrammers from all over the world to join his project, which he dubbed “Linux.” This loosely knit team of students, professionals, and hobbyistscollaborated through the Internet, with the expectation of learning a bit about programming and having a good time. Linus never thought that his project would spawn an entire industry.